In the era of cloud-native architecture, Microservices have become a core pattern in software engineering. But Microservices are more than just "breaking down a monolith into several services." To truly make a system scalable, maintainable, and highly available, we need to follow a systematic design philosophy.

And this philosophy is the 12-Factor App principles (originally proposed by Heroku) – which remain a foundational methodology for building high-quality Microservices today.

This article combines modern technology ecosystems (such as Kubernetes, Docker, CI/CD, cloud services, etc.) to explain in detail how the 12-Factor App principles can be implemented and evolved in today's Microservice development.

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